Frame one workplace metric claim as a precise counterfactual causal question.
Principle: Causality starts when you name the missing future. The move Write the causal question before opening the analysis. Use unit, treatment, outcome, comparison, and time window. This turns a metric story into an estimand-shaped question. Why it works The potential-outcomes frame treats a causal effect as a comparison between what would happen under one action and what would happen under another. You observe only one future for any unit, so the comparison must be created by design or defended by assumptions. Common trap Do not let a treated group become its own proof. If users who received the intervention…
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