Classify flawed items by common item-writing failure mode.
Place each flawed item in the item-writing defect it illustrates. Ambiguous stem Implausible distractor Multiple defensible answers Construct-irrelevant difficulty "What is the best assessment?" with no learner context or objective Options include "Use telepathy to infer mastery" Both scenario and simulation would work because stakes are never specified Stem uses dense legal wording when the target is coaching judgment Question asks "Which approach is effective?" without saying effective for what Distractor is a joke answer no competent learner would choose
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